Ge 1 Earth and Environment (http://www.gps.caltech.edu/classes/ge1/) Spring 2011 COURSE INFORMATION Instructor: Brian Wernicke (317NM; brian@gps.caltech.edu, x6192) Office Hours: W 9:30-10:30 a.m.; Th, 1:30-3:30; or by appointment Teaching Assistants: Belle Philibosian, Head TA, Lightning Round Manager (307a North Mudd, x3811; belle@caltech.edu) Sara Dougherty, TA; Lightning-Round Co-manager (360 South Mudd; x6932; sarad@gps.caltech.edu) Yu-nung (Nina) Lin, TA, Webmaster (303 North Mudd, x2479; ninalin@caltech.edu) Thomas Ader, TA; Field Trip Co-manager (362 South Mudd, x6974; ader@caltech.edu) Marion Thomas, TA; Field Trip Co-manager) (312 North Mudd; x2656; marion@gps.caltech.edu) Alison Piasecki, TA; Sample Curator (100B North Mudd; x2190; apiaseck@caltech.edu) Administrative Assistant: Kim Klotz (320NM, kim@gps.caltech.edu, x6238) Meeting times: Lecture: 2-3 p.m., MWF, except: Friday 5/6, Friday 5/13, and Monday, 5/30 (Institute Holiday) Field exercise: Fri. 10:30 p.m. – Sun. 9 p.m., 5/6 to 5/8, or 5/13 to 5/15 Lab hours: Tu 3:30-5:30 p.m., 9:00-11:00 p.m.; W 11:00 a.m.-1:00 p.m. Reference text (not required) An introductory earth science textbook appropriate for quantitatively literate undergraduates does not exist (the market is overwhelmingly directed toward non-science majors, most of who are mortified by equations). The closest approach, which I recommend as a good general reference for basic earth sciences, is: Grotzinger, J. et al., 2007, Understanding Earth, 5th Edition, W. H. Freeman, New York, 579 pp. Synopsis: This course is a broad overview of the origin and evolution of Earth. It is designed for students concurrently taking freshman mathematics, physics and chemistry but with no prior knowledge of earth sciences. The components of the course include lectures with “Lightning Rounds,” Problem Set-Laboratories, a two-day Field Exercise and a Final Exam. -2- Lectures. Each lecture will include three components: (1) The beginning of each lecture will include a 10-15 minute specimen demonstration of minerals and fossils that you will be looking at up-close and describing in the lab. This portion of the course is an introduction to mineralogy (first five weeks) and paleontology/earth history (second five weeks), which underpin everything else in earth science. The lecture notes taken for this portion of the course should comprise a separate section of your notes from other lecture notes. (2) Following specimen demonstration there will be a 5-minute lightning round. Each will include two multiple-choice questions that you answer using an i-Clicker hand-held remote provided to you by Caltech (see below for registration instructions). One question will concern material in the previous lecture only, and the other may concern any previous lecture. One correct response will yield full credit for the round. Two registered but incorrect responses receive half-credit. Fewer than two registered responses receive zero credit. The correct response, as well as the distribution of responses will be shown instantly so you will know what the correct answer is and why, and how the rest of the class responded. This will allow you to gauge your progress relative to the rest of the class in real-time throughout the course. (3) The third part of lecture, about 35 minutes, comprises the main lecture, beginning with construction of the planet, what we know about its interior, the fundamentals of geology, plate tectonics and interactions between the solid earth and the environment. You should of course strive to take good notes in lecture and ask questions if you are confused, or if things are going by too fast. All lecture material, including an audio recording and simultaneous video of everything written on the “blackboard” (an electronic tablet) will be available on-line on the course website, so if you do miss something you can review part or all of each lecture on the web. Problems Set-Labs. The problem set-labs will include problems presented in a style that “narrates” the solver through an important application of physics or chemistry to the earth sciences. This part of the set will be much shorter than those for a typical Caltech freshman course because of the time required for specimen analysis and the field trip. In the lab, you will examine close-up the same specimens presented in class, making a sketch of each one (full credit for the artistically challenged—just do your best), and responding to a few short questions about its properties. This should average about an hour per week (longer for weeks 3, 4 and 5, shorter for other weeks), or about five to ten minutes per specimen. The specimens from the previous week’s lectures will be available starting in week 2, in 251 Arms. The hours of availability (including TAs present) will be: Tuesday 3:30-5:30 p.m., 9:00-11:00 p.m. Wednesday 11:00 a.m.-1:00 p.m. The instructor/TAs will be available to answer questions about any aspect of the course during these sessions. Field Trip. Each student must attend one (and only one) of the two field trips. The field trip is to Grand Canyon and surrounding areas in Arizona, and will familiarize students with a broad range of concepts covered in lecture, lab and on the problem sets. The first day will include examination of Sunset Crater, AZ, a recently active volcano, and walking through the -3- Permian Toroweap and Kaibab Formations that rim Grand Canyon. The second day will include examination of igneous and metamorphic rocks and an ancient erosion surface called the Great Unconformity west of Seligman, AZ, followed by study of a volcanic formation called the Peach Springs Tuff near Kingman, AZ, which records a gigantic, explosive volcanic eruption that occurred 18 million years ago. More details are provided below. i-Clicker: In order to receive this credit for lightning rounds, you will need to register your i-Clicker remote online after class on Wednesday, March 31. You must have come to class at least once and responded to at least one question in order to complete registration properly. After class, go to http://www.iclicker.com/registration. Carefully complete the fields with (1) your first and last names as they appear on your Caltech ID∗, (2) your email address (this must be your @caltech.edu address), and remote ID number. The remote ID number is the series of numbers and sometimes letters found on the bottom of the back of your i-Clicker remote beneath the barcode. Double-check everything before you submit it. i-Clicker will be used every day in class, and you are responsible for bringing your remote daily. You will not receive a course grade if you do not return your remote on the last day of class. If you lose or misplace your remote, we will get you another one, but there will be an at-cost charge of $27. It is obviously an honor code violation to in any way use another student’s remote. However, you should also take care when responding to questions in lecture to conceal your choice by placing your other hand over top of the buttons when you make your selection, so as not to temp wandering eyes. Course policies: Attendance. In general, absence from scheduled lectures, lab periods, and field exercises is only permitted for illness, a death in the family or other serious emergency. Cell phones/PDAs/Laptops. Power-off during lecture, please, NO EXCEPTIONS. Analog note-taking (including a lot of drawing) in lecture is an important component of this course. These digital devices are amazing, but like many other amazing things they are major annoyance to your fellow classmates and the instructor during class. All course materials, including a voice recording of the lecture synched with the e-tablet notes, images, animations, specimens and other material will be posted on the course web site or available in the lab. Collaboration. For problem sets, laboratory work and the field trip, collaboration among students is encouraged, but all written materials and photos turned in must be your own writing and photography. For in-class lightning rounds and the final exam, collaboration is not permitted. Late work. The problem set-labs will be handed out on Friday at the end of lecture, and are due as hard copy at the beginning of class the following Friday. For weeks 6 and 7, for which there are no Friday lectures, turn in the set by 2 p.m. to 320 North Mudd, and pick up a copy of the next set. Problem sets handed in between the Friday 2 p.m. cutoff and class the following Monday will receive half credit. Problem sets will not be accepted after the Monday 2 p.m. cutoff. A field trip report will be due at the start of class at 2 p.m. on the first Friday following your field trip. Half credit will be granted for reports turned in as late as the start of class the following Monday. ∗ Don’t use a middle name, even if you go by it. For two-syllable Asian first names, if your name appears on your ID as either a single two-syllable word or a hyphenated word, use both syllables; if each syllable is a separate word, just use the first syllable. -4- Course Materials: For lab and field trip: 1. Hand lens (pocket magnifier, available for $9.25 from http://wardsci.com/product.asp_Q_pn_E_IG0010608) 2. Lanyard (similar to http://wardsci.com/product.asp_Q_pn_E_IG0010614) For field trip: 3. Digital camera, with zoom and capability of taking close-in shots (good focus with field-ofview 6” wide) 4. Field notebook (available from http://www.geosociety.org/bookstore) + pencil 5. Scale (for photography; GSA combined time scale-photo scale card at http://www.geosociety.org/bookstore/default.asp?oID=0&catID=4&pID=PTS002) 6. Pocket knife 7. Wide-brim hat + sunscreen 8. Sturdy hiking shoes with ankle support (boots preferred) 9. Day pack 10. Canteen or water bottle with 2 qts. capacity 11. Warm jacket 12. Rain parka or poncho 13. A few good cigars (optional) Grading: Of 1000 course points total: Problem set-labs 350 Lightning rounds 250 Field exercise 200 Final exam 200 N.B.: There will be a little over 50 lightning round questions total presented in lecture. Any student with 45 or more correct responses will be exempt from taking the final exam and receive 100% credit (200 course points). Any student with 42-44 correct responses will receive 50 bonus points on the final, with a maximum of 150 additional points derived from the exam, not to exceed a total of 200 points. Recommended study pattern: The key to success in this course is: real-time review of lecture notes. Each morning before lecture, set aside about an hour in a designated, quiet place with your notes, text, and access to the course website. At the end of the first lecture, carefully review it, supplemented by the webstream where you may have missed something. After the second lecture, read through the first again, and then the second. And so on. By repeatedly reading each lecture, it progressively takes less and less time. Your fluency in the subject matter will be strong, the lectures and sets will be much easier to follow and do, and you will ace the Lightning Rounds. Run the table on the Lightning Rounds, and forget about the final! -5- Your weekly schedule for this course should look something like this: M: a.m.: review notes (1) p.m.: attend lecture (1) T: p.m.: complete set, lab sheets (3) W: a.m.: review notes (1) p.m.: attend lecture (1) Th: ——(Do other stuff)——- F: a.m.: review notes (1) p.m.: attend lecture (1), turn in set SYLLABUS Week 1 1. Introduction (3/28) 2. Structure of crystals [olivine, pyroxene] (3/30) 3. Nucleosynthesis and condensation [plagioclase] (4/1) PROBLEM SET-LAB 1: Building planets; isolated, single-chain and framework silicates Week 2 4. Accretion and differentiation [K feldspar, quartz] (4/4) 5. Nuclear clocks [biotite, muscovite] (4/6) 6. Earthquakes I: Earth structure [chlorite, serpentine] (4/8) PROBLEM SET-LAB 2: Radiometric dating and mineral structure; sheet silicates Week 3 7. Rock cycle [kaolinite, montmorillonite, illite] (4/11) 8. Igneous phase equilibrium [hornblende, actinolite] (4/13) 9. Volcanism and plutonism [glaucophane, garnet] (4/15) PROBLEM SET-LAB 3: Phase equilibrium; double-chain silicates, aluminosilicates; igneous rocks Week 4 10. Weathering [kyanite, staurolite] (4/18) 11. Erosion and sedimentation [magnetite, hematite, goetite] (4/20) 12. Stratigraphy [calcite, dolomite] (4/22) PROBLEM SET-LAB 4: Isostasy; Fe-oxides, carbonates, sulfates, halides; sedimentary rocks Week 5 13. Diagenesis and metamorphism [gypsum, halite] (4/25) 14. Contacts between rocks; structures [apatite] (4/27) 15. Superposition principles [pyrite, chalcopyrite] (4/29) PROBLEM SET-LAB 5: Geologic superposition; phosphates; metamorphic rocks -6- Week 6 16. Geologic maps [prokaryotes; stromatolites] (5/2) 17. Geodynamo and paleomagnetism [early eukaryotes](5/4) (No lecture Friday, 5/6) PROBLEM SET-LAB 6: Pre-Ediacaran life FIELD TRIP 1 Week 7 18. Continental drift and sea-floor spreading [Ediacarans, ichnofossils](5/9) 19. Earthquakes II: source mechanisms [trilobites, archeocyathans](5/11) (No lecture Friday, 5/13) PROBLEM SET-LAB 7: Ediacaran-Cambrian life FIELD TRIP 2 Week 8 20. Plate tectonics [graptolites, brachiopods] (5/16) 21. Orogens and the history of the lithosphere [tabulate corals, nautiloids] (5/18) 22. Fractionation of stable isotopes [echinoderms, plants] (5/20) PROBLEM SET-LAB 8: Isostasy and heat transfer; Ordovician-Permian life Week 9 23. Fractionation of stable isotopes (cont’d) [fusulinids, conodonts](5/23) 24. Ocean chemistry and climate [hexacorals, ammonites] (5/25) 25. Radiative balance and the atmosphere [radiolaria, bivalves] (5/27) PROBLEM SET-LAB 9: Carbon cycle and chemostratigraphy; Late Mesozoic-Cenozoic life Week 10 (No lecture Monday, 5/30) 26. Glaciation and ancient climates [gastropods, forams] (6/1) 27. Cryogenian-Ediacaran Earth (6/3)
Ge 1
Earth and Environment
(http://www.gps.caltech.edu/classes/ge1/)
Spring 2011
COURSE INFORMATION
Instructor:
Brian Wernicke (317NM; brian@gps.caltech.edu, x6192)
Office Hours: W 9:30-10:30 a.m.; Th, 1:30-3:30; or by appointment
Teaching Assistants:
Belle Philibosian, Head TA, Lightning Round Manager
(307a North Mudd, x3811; belle@caltech.edu)
Sara Dougherty, TA; Lightning-Round Co-manager
(360 South Mudd; x6932; sarad@gps.caltech.edu)
Yu-nung (Nina) Lin, TA, Webmaster
(303 North Mudd, x2479; ninalin@caltech.edu)
Thomas Ader, TA; Field Trip Co-manager
(362 South Mudd, x6974; ader@caltech.edu)
Marion Thomas, TA; Field Trip Co-manager)
(312 North Mudd; x2656; marion@gps.caltech.edu)
Alison Piasecki, TA; Sample Curator
(100B North Mudd; x2190; apiaseck@caltech.edu)
Administrative Assistant:
Kim Klotz (320NM, kim@gps.caltech.edu, x6238)
Meeting times:
Lecture: 2-3 p.m., MWF, except: Friday 5/6, Friday 5/13, and Monday, 5/30 (Institute Holiday)
Field exercise: Fri. 10:30 p.m. – Sun. 9 p.m., 5/6 to 5/8, or 5/13 to 5/15
Lab hours: Tu 3:30-5:30 p.m., 9:00-11:00 p.m.; W 11:00 a.m.-1:00 p.m.
Reference text (not required)
An introductory earth science textbook appropriate for quantitatively literate
undergraduates does not exist (the market is overwhelmingly directed toward non-science
majors, most of who are mortified by equations). The closest approach, which I recommend as a
good general reference for basic earth sciences, is:
Grotzinger, J. et al., 2007, Understanding Earth, 5th Edition, W. H. Freeman, New York, 579 pp.
Synopsis:
This course is a broad overview of the origin and evolution of Earth. It is designed for
students concurrently taking freshman mathematics, physics and chemistry but with no prior
knowledge of earth sciences. The components of the course include lectures with “Lightning
Rounds,” Problem Set-Laboratories, a two-day Field Exercise and a Final Exam.
-2-
Lectures. Each lecture will include three components:
(1) The beginning of each lecture will include a 10-15 minute specimen demonstration of
minerals and fossils that you will be looking at up-close and describing in the lab. This portion
of the course is an introduction to mineralogy (first five weeks) and paleontology/earth history
(second five weeks), which underpin everything else in earth science. The lecture notes taken
for this portion of the course should comprise a separate section of your notes from other lecture
notes.
(2) Following specimen demonstration there will be a 5-minute lightning round. Each
will include two multiple-choice questions that you answer using an i-Clicker hand-held remote
provided to you by Caltech (see below for registration instructions). One question will concern
material in the previous lecture only, and the other may concern any previous lecture. One
correct response will yield full credit for the round. Two registered but incorrect responses
receive half-credit. Fewer than two registered responses receive zero credit. The correct
response, as well as the distribution of responses will be shown instantly so you will know what
the correct answer is and why, and how the rest of the class responded. This will allow you to
gauge your progress relative to the rest of the class in real-time throughout the course.
(3) The third part of lecture, about 35 minutes, comprises the main lecture, beginning
with construction of the planet, what we know about its interior, the fundamentals of geology,
plate tectonics and interactions between the solid earth and the environment.
You should of course strive to take good notes in lecture and ask questions if you are
confused, or if things are going by too fast. All lecture material, including an audio recording
and simultaneous video of everything written on the “blackboard” (an electronic tablet) will be
available on-line on the course website, so if you do miss something you can review part or all of
each lecture on the web.
Problems Set-Labs. The problem set-labs will include problems presented in a style that
“narrates” the solver through an important application of physics or chemistry to the earth
sciences. This part of the set will be much shorter than those for a typical Caltech freshman
course because of the time required for specimen analysis and the field trip.
In the lab, you will examine close-up the same specimens presented in class, making a
sketch of each one (full credit for the artistically challenged—just do your best), and responding
to a few short questions about its properties. This should average about an hour per week (longer
for weeks 3, 4 and 5, shorter for other weeks), or about five to ten minutes per specimen. The
specimens from the previous week’s lectures will be available starting in week 2, in 251 Arms.
The hours of availability (including TAs present) will be:
Tuesday 3:30-5:30 p.m., 9:00-11:00 p.m.
Wednesday 11:00 a.m.-1:00 p.m.
The instructor/TAs will be available to answer questions about any aspect of the course during
these sessions.
Field Trip. Each student must attend one (and only one) of the two field trips. The field
trip is to Grand Canyon and surrounding areas in Arizona, and will familiarize students with a
broad range of concepts covered in lecture, lab and on the problem sets. The first day will
include examination of Sunset Crater, AZ, a recently active volcano, and walking through the
-3-
Permian Toroweap and Kaibab Formations that rim Grand Canyon. The second day will include
examination of igneous and metamorphic rocks and an ancient erosion surface called the Great
Unconformity west of Seligman, AZ, followed by study of a volcanic formation called the Peach
Springs Tuff near Kingman, AZ, which records a gigantic, explosive volcanic eruption that
occurred 18 million years ago. More details are provided below.
i-Clicker:
In order to receive this credit for lightning rounds, you will need to register your i-Clicker
remote online after class on Wednesday, March 31. You must have come to class at least once
and responded to at least one question in order to complete registration properly. After class, go
to http://www.iclicker.com/registration. Carefully complete the fields with (1) your first and last
names as they appear on your Caltech ID∗, (2) your email address (this must be your
@caltech.edu address), and remote ID number. The remote ID number is the series of numbers
and sometimes letters found on the bottom of the back of your i-Clicker remote beneath the
barcode. Double-check everything before you submit it. i-Clicker will be used every day in
class, and you are responsible for bringing your remote daily. You will not receive a course
grade if you do not return your remote on the last day of class. If you lose or misplace your
remote, we will get you another one, but there will be an at-cost charge of $27. It is obviously an
honor code violation to in any way use another student’s remote. However, you should also take
care when responding to questions in lecture to conceal your choice by placing your other hand
over top of the buttons when you make your selection, so as not to temp wandering eyes.
Course policies:
Attendance. In general, absence from scheduled lectures, lab periods, and field exercises
is only permitted for illness, a death in the family or other serious emergency.
Cell phones/PDAs/Laptops. Power-off during lecture, please, NO EXCEPTIONS.
Analog note-taking (including a lot of drawing) in lecture is an important component of this
course. These digital devices are amazing, but like many other amazing things they are major
annoyance to your fellow classmates and the instructor during class. All course materials,
including a voice recording of the lecture synched with the e-tablet notes, images, animations,
specimens and other material will be posted on the course web site or available in the lab.
Collaboration. For problem sets, laboratory work and the field trip, collaboration among
students is encouraged, but all written materials and photos turned in must be your own writing
and photography. For in-class lightning rounds and the final exam, collaboration is not
permitted.
Late work. The problem set-labs will be handed out on Friday at the end of lecture, and
are due as hard copy at the beginning of class the following Friday. For weeks 6 and 7, for
which there are no Friday lectures, turn in the set by 2 p.m. to 320 North Mudd, and pick up a
copy of the next set. Problem sets handed in between the Friday 2 p.m. cutoff and class the
following Monday will receive half credit. Problem sets will not be accepted after the Monday
2 p.m. cutoff. A field trip report will be due at the start of class at 2 p.m. on the first Friday
following your field trip. Half credit will be granted for reports turned in as late as the start of
class the following Monday.
∗ Don’t use a middle name, even if you go by it. For two-syllable Asian first names, if your name appears on your ID as either a
single two-syllable word or a hyphenated word, use both syllables; if each syllable is a separate word, just use the first syllable.
-4-
Course Materials:
For lab and field trip:
1. Hand lens (pocket magnifier, available for $9.25 from
http://wardsci.com/product.asp_Q_pn_E_IG0010608)
2. Lanyard (similar to http://wardsci.com/product.asp_Q_pn_E_IG0010614)
For field trip:
3. Digital camera, with zoom and capability of taking close-in shots (good focus with field-ofview
6” wide)
4. Field notebook (available from http://www.geosociety.org/bookstore) + pencil
5. Scale (for photography; GSA combined time scale-photo scale card at
http://www.geosociety.org/bookstore/default.asp?oID=0&catID=4&pID=PTS002)
6. Pocket knife
7. Wide-brim hat + sunscreen
8. Sturdy hiking shoes with ankle support (boots preferred)
9. Day pack
10. Canteen or water bottle with 2 qts. capacity
11. Warm jacket
12. Rain parka or poncho
13. A few good cigars (optional)
Grading:
Of 1000 course points total:
Problem set-labs 350
Lightning rounds 250
Field exercise 200
Final exam 200
N.B.: There will be a little over 50 lightning round questions total presented in lecture. Any
student with 45 or more correct responses will be exempt from taking the final exam and receive
100% credit (200 course points). Any student with 42-44 correct responses will receive 50 bonus
points on the final, with a maximum of 150 additional points derived from the exam, not to
exceed a total of 200 points.
Recommended study pattern:
The key to success in this course is: real-time review of lecture notes. Each morning
before lecture, set aside about an hour in a designated, quiet place with your notes, text, and
access to the course website. At the end of the first lecture, carefully review it, supplemented by
the webstream where you may have missed something. After the second lecture, read through
the first again, and then the second. And so on. By repeatedly reading each lecture, it
progressively takes less and less time. Your fluency in the subject matter will be strong, the
lectures and sets will be much easier to follow and do, and you will ace the Lightning Rounds.
Run the table on the Lightning Rounds, and forget about the final!
-5-
Your weekly schedule for this course should look something like this:
M: a.m.: review notes (1) p.m.: attend lecture (1)
T: p.m.: complete set, lab sheets (3)
W: a.m.: review notes (1) p.m.: attend lecture (1)
Th: ——(Do other stuff)——-
F: a.m.: review notes (1) p.m.: attend lecture (1), turn in set
SYLLABUS
Week 1
1. Introduction (3/28)
2. Structure of crystals [olivine, pyroxene] (3/30)
3. Nucleosynthesis and condensation [plagioclase] (4/1)
PROBLEM SET-LAB 1: Building planets; isolated, single-chain and framework silicates
Week 2
4. Accretion and differentiation [K feldspar, quartz] (4/4)
5. Nuclear clocks [biotite, muscovite] (4/6)
6. Earthquakes I: Earth structure [chlorite, serpentine] (4/8)
PROBLEM SET-LAB 2: Radiometric dating and mineral structure; sheet silicates
Week 3
7. Rock cycle [kaolinite, montmorillonite, illite] (4/11)
8. Igneous phase equilibrium [hornblende, actinolite] (4/13)
9. Volcanism and plutonism [glaucophane, garnet] (4/15)
PROBLEM SET-LAB 3: Phase equilibrium; double-chain silicates, aluminosilicates; igneous
rocks
Week 4
10. Weathering [kyanite, staurolite] (4/18)
11. Erosion and sedimentation [magnetite, hematite, goetite] (4/20)
12. Stratigraphy [calcite, dolomite] (4/22)
PROBLEM SET-LAB 4: Isostasy; Fe-oxides, carbonates, sulfates, halides; sedimentary
rocks
Week 5
13. Diagenesis and metamorphism [gypsum, halite] (4/25)
14. Contacts between rocks; structures [apatite] (4/27)
15. Superposition principles [pyrite, chalcopyrite] (4/29)
PROBLEM SET-LAB 5: Geologic superposition; phosphates; metamorphic rocks
-6-
Week 6
16. Geologic maps [prokaryotes; stromatolites] (5/2)
17. Geodynamo and paleomagnetism [early eukaryotes](5/4)
(No lecture Friday, 5/6)
PROBLEM SET-LAB 6: Pre-Ediacaran life
FIELD TRIP 1
Week 7
18. Continental drift and sea-floor spreading [Ediacarans, ichnofossils](5/9)
19. Earthquakes II: source mechanisms [trilobites, archeocyathans](5/11)
(No lecture Friday, 5/13)
PROBLEM SET-LAB 7: Ediacaran-Cambrian life
FIELD TRIP 2
Week 8
20. Plate tectonics [graptolites, brachiopods] (5/16)
21. Orogens and the history of the lithosphere [tabulate corals, nautiloids] (5/18)
22. Fractionation of stable isotopes [echinoderms, plants] (5/20)
PROBLEM SET-LAB 8: Isostasy and heat transfer; Ordovician-Permian life
Week 9
23. Fractionation of stable isotopes (cont’d) [fusulinids, conodonts](5/23)
24. Ocean chemistry and climate [hexacorals, ammonites] (5/25)
25. Radiative balance and the atmosphere [radiolaria, bivalves] (5/27)
PROBLEM SET-LAB 9: Carbon cycle and chemostratigraphy; Late Mesozoic-Cenozoic life
Week 10
(No lecture Monday, 5/30)
26. Glaciation and ancient climates [gastropods, forams] (6/1)
27. Cryogenian-Ediacaran Earth (6/3)
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